DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HANDBOOK
ALCOHOL AND DRUG TESTING PROGRAM
ALCOHOL AND DRUG TESTING PROGRAM
Prepared By: Employee and Public Services
National Business Center
Draft 7/96
DOT Alcohol and Drug Testing Handbook
Index
Access to Facilities and Records
Referral, Evaluation, and Treatment
Appendices
Return to Specialized Employee Services Homepage.
The Department of Transportation's (DOT) alcohol and drug testing program is designed to help prevent accidents and injuries resulting from the misuse of alcohol or the use of controlled substances. Simply put, it is a safety program. For that reason, whether an employee is using prescribed or illegal drugs is irrelevant if use of that substance impairs the employee's ability to perform safety-sensitive functions. Therefore, in either case, the employee must be removed from performing safety-sensitive functions when conditions warrant.
While similar to the Drug-Free Workplace (HHS) Program, the DOT Program does have substantially different requirements. Therefore, it is important to understand the separate requirements of the DOT Program.
The handbook is a ready reference for the formulation and implementation of the DOT Program. It is organized by subject and each subject is addressed in the general order that it would be confronted. The handbook was formulated based on the requirement of the Omnibus Transportation Employee Testing Act of 1991, the Federal Highway Administration and the Federal Railroad Administration Final Rule as published in the Federal Register. This rule requires the Department of the Interior to test drivers who are required to obtain commercial driver's licenses (CDLs) as well as employees involved in railroad operations for the illegal use of alcohol and controlled substances.
For further information contact:David L. Mathews, Specialized Employee Services, Drug Program Coordination Staff, Interior Service Center, at (202) 273-3218; or Richard Hipkins and Alice Currie at (202) 208-5638. Email address: RHIPKINS@ios.doi.gov
The program is designed to help prevent accidents and injuries resulting from the misuse of alcohol or use of controlled substances by drivers of commercial motor vehicles. The program also applies to employees involved in railroad operations.
Authority . The Omnibus Transportation Employee Testing Act of 1991. DOT regulations covering drivers (49 CFR Part 382) and RO employees (49 CFR Part 219).
The requirements of the program apply to all employees required to have a commercial driver's license and who operate commercial motor vehicles as described below. Note employees with CDLs that do not operate commercial motor vehicles as described below are not subject to testing. Conversely, employees who operate commercial motor vehicles but do not have CDLs will be subject to testing. This includes employees that are full-time, part-time, seasonal, intermittent, and/or occasional drivers. The requirements also apply to employees involved in railroad operations.
Commercial Motor Vehicle (CMV) .
A commercial motor vehicle means a motor vehicle or combination of motor vehicles used in commerce to transport passengers or property if the motor vehicle - -
(1) Has a gross combination weight rating of 26,001 or more pounds inclusive of a towed unit with a gross vehicle weight rating of more than 10,000 pounds; or
(2) Has a gross vehicle weight rating of 26,001 or more pounds; or
(3) Is designed to transport 16 or more passengers, including the driver; or
(4) Is of any size and is used in the transportation of materials found to be hazardous for the purposes of the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act and which require the motor vehicle to be placarded under the Hazardous Materials Regulation (49 CFR part 172, subpart F).
Railroad Operations (RO) .
Employees involved in railroad operations such as dispatchers, conductors, engineers, passenger services, signal maintenance, etc., will be subject to both alcohol and drug testing.
Alcohol Means the intoxicating agent in beverage alcohol, or other low molecular weight alcohols including methyl and isopropyl alcohol.
Alcohol concentration (or content) Means the alcohol in volume of breath expressed in terms of grams of alcohol per 210 liters of
breath as indicated by an evidential breath test.
Alcohol use Means the consumption of any beverage, mixture, or preparation, including any medication, containing alcohol.
Breath alcohol technician (BAT) Means an individual trained who instructs and assists employees/applicants in the alcohol testing process and operates an EBT.
Commerce Means (1) any trade, traffic or transportation within the jurisdiction of the United States between a place in a State and a place outside of such State, including a place outside of the United States and (2) trade, traffic, and transportation in the United States which affects any trade, traffic and transportation described in paragraph (1) of this definition.
Confirmation test For alcohol testing means a second test, following a screening test with a result of 0.02 or greater, that provides quantitative data of alcohol concentration. For controlled substances testing means a second analytical procedure to identify the presence of a specific drug or metabolite which is independent of the screening test. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is the only authorized confirmation method for the five drug panel.
Driver Means any employee who operates a commercial motor vehicle. For the purposes of pre-employment/pre-duty testing only, the term driver includes a person applying to the Department or bureau to drive a commercial motor vehicle.
Employee Assistance Program (EAP) A program provided directly by the Department (bureau) or through a contracted service provider, to assist employees in dealing with drug or alcohol dependency and other personal problems. Rehabilitation and reentry to the work force are usually arranged through an EAP. Cost of treatment is the responsibility of the employee.
Evidential breath testing device (EBT) An EBT approved by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) for the evidential testing of breath and placed on NHTSA's Conforming Products List of Evidential Breath Measurement Devices.
Medical Review Officer (MRO) A licensed physician (medical doctor or doctor of osteopathy) responsible for receiving laboratory results generated from a drug test who has knowledge of substance abuse disorders and has appropriate medical training to interpret and evaluate an employee/applicant's confirmed positive test results together with his or her medical history and any other relevant biomedical information.
Performing (a safety-sensitive function) Means a driver or RO employee is considered to be performing a safety-sensitive function during any period in which he or she is actually performing, ready to perform, just ceased performing or immediately available to perform any safety-sensitive functions.
Reporting for duty or remaining on duty to perform safety-sensitive functions while having an alcohol concentration of 0.04 or greater. Being on duty or operating a CMV while the driver possesses alcohol, unless the alcohol is manifested and transported as part of a shipment. This includes the possession of medicines containg alcohol (prescription or over-the-counter), unless the packaging seal is unbroken. Using alcohol while performing safety-sensitive functions. When required to take a post-accident alcohol test, using alcohol within eight hours following the accident or prior to undergoing a post-accident alcohol test, whichever, comes first. Refusing to submit to an alcohol or controlled substance test required by post-accident, random, reasonable suspicion, return-to-duty, or follow-up testing requirements. Reporting for duty or remaining on duty, requiring the performance of safety-sensitive functions, when the driver or RO employee uses any controlled substance, except when instructed by a physician who has advised the driver or RO employee that the substance does not adversely affect the driver or RO employee's ability to safely operate. Reporting for duty, remaining on duty or performing a safety-sensitive function, if the driver or RO employee tests positive for controlled substances.
Prohibited Drug Marijuana, cocaine, opiates, amphetamines, or phencyclidine.
Certified Laboratory A laboratory certified by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).
Refuse to submit (to an alcohol or controlled substances test) Means a driver or RO employee (1) fails to provide adequate breath for testing without a valid medical explanation after he or she has received notice of the requirement for breath testing, (2) fails to provide adequate urine (45 ml) for controlled substances testing without a valid medical explanation after he or she has received notice of the requirement for urine testing, or (3) engages in conduct that clearly obstructs the testing process.
Safety-sensitive function Means any of those on-duty functions set forth in appendix 2.
Screening test (also known as initial test) In alcohol testing, it means an analytical procedure to determine whether a driver or RO employee may have prohibited concentration of alcohol in his or her system. In controlled substance testing, it means an immunoassay screen to eliminate "negative" urine specimens from further consideration.
Split Specimen An additional specimen collected with the original specimen, to be tested in the event the original specimen tests positive.
Substance abuse professional Means a licensed physician, or a licensed or certified psychologist, social worker, employee assistance professional, or addiction counselor (certified by the National Association of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Counselors Certification Commission) with knowledge of and clinical experience in the diagnosis and treatment of alcohol and controlled substances-related disorders.
Verified Negative
1. Drug Test. Any result reported by the Medical Review Official as negative.
2. Alcohol Test. Any result less than 0.02 alcohol concentration.
Verified Positive
1. Drug Test. Means a test result that has been screened positive by an FDA approved immunoassay test, confirmed by Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry assay, (or other confirmatory test approved by HHS), evaluated by the Medical Review Official and determined by him/her to be positive.
2. Alcohol Test. Means a test result in which both the initial and confirmation tests performed by a trained breath alcohol technician using an approved evidential breath testing device show an alcohol concentration of 0.02 or greater.
Prohibited Conduct .
No driver or RO employee shall report for duty or remain on duty requiring the performance of safety-sensitive functions when the driver or RO employee violates a condition below. No supervisor/manager having actual knowledge that a violation has occurred shall permit the driver or RO employee to perform or continue to perform safety-sensitive functions.
(1) A driver or RO employee may not report for or remain on duty when he or she has an alcohol concentration of 0.04 or greater. Drivers or RO employees testing between 0.02 and 0.039 will not be allowed to perform safety-sensitive functions for 24 hours (drivers) and eight hours (RO employees).
(2) A driver or RO employee may not report for or remain on duty when he or she possesses alcohol (unless the alcohol is manifested and transported as part of a shipment).
(3) A driver or RO employee may not report for or remain on duty when he or she uses alcohol on duty. Note other employees are also prohibited from use of alcohol while on duty (as specified in 41 CFR 101-20.307)
(4) A driver or RO employee may not report for or remain on duty when he or she has used alcohol within four hours of performing safety-sensitive duties.
(5) A driver or RO employee may not report for or remain on duty when he or she has used a controlled substance (prescription) except when the use is prescribed by a physician who has advised the driver or RO employee that his/her ability to safely operate a CMV or train will not be adversely affected.
(6) A driver or RO employee may not report or remain on duty when he or she tests positive for controlled substances with the exception of (5) above.
(7) No driver or RO employee required to take a post-accident alcohol test shall use alcohol for eight hours following the accident, or until he/she undergoes a post-accident alcohol test, whichever occurs first.
(8) No driver or RO employee shall refuse to submit to an alcohol or controlled substance test. No supervisor/manager shall permit a driver or RO employee who refuses to submit to such tests to perform or continue to perform safety-sensitive functions. A refusal to submit will be treated the same as a positive test. Applicants who refuse will not be given an offer of employment.
Determining Drug and Alcohol Violations .
The determination by management that a driver or RO employee has engaged in prohibited conduct under this program may be made on the basis of:
(1) Direct observation of drug or alcohol use.
(2) A recent criminal conviction for use, possession, distribution, or trafficking of a controlled substance.
(3) An MRO-verified positive drug test result conducted under the DOT program.
(4) A confirmed test result having an alcohol concentration of 0.04 or greater on an alcohol test conducted under the DOT program.
(5) The driver's or RO employee's own admission of violating a drug or alcohol prohibition.
(6) Other appropriate administrative inquiry that produces evidence of drug or alcohol related misconduct (e.g. DWI arrest).
Actions following a Drug or Alcohol Violation .
The supervisor/manager having actual knowledge that a driver or RO employee who violates a prohibition in this handbook, shall not permit that driver or RO employee to perform or continue to perform a safety-sensitive function unless the driver or RO employee has satisfied the requirements under Referral, Evaluation and Treatment.
Specific disciplinary action for drivers, RO employees and other employees resulting from a drug or alcohol violation shall be handled in accordance with the Disciplinary section.
Additionally, no driver or RO employee tested under the DOT program who is found to have an alcohol concentration of 0.02 or greater, but less than 0.04, on a confirmation test shall perform safety-sensitive duties. Such an employee is considered "not fit for duty". This driver or RO employee shall not return to his or her safety-sensitive functions until 24 hours (RO employees 8 hours) after the confirmation test. A return-to-duty test is not required of a driver or RO employee in this status.
Six types of testing are required under the Omnibus Transportation Employee Testing Act of 1991.
Pre-employment
Reasonable suspicion
Post-accident
Random
Return-to-duty
Follow-up
Both alcohol and drug testing are performed under the six types of testing. In addition to these six types of testing, the Department is also required to perform blind sample testing as a quality assurance measure for the testing laboratory. All time spent providing a breath sample or urine specimen, including travel time to and from the collection site for any type of testing (except pre-employment for applicants not employed by the Department)
is considered On-Duty time . Scheduling of tests will follow the same procedures as the HHS program. Bear in mind, random tests can only be ordered by the Specialized Employee Services.
Pre-employment (Applicant) Testing . Prior to the first time a driver or RO employee performs safety-sensitive functions for the bureau, the driver or RO employee shall undergo testing for alcohol and controlled substances. The bureau shall not allow a driver or RO employee to perform safety-sensitive functions unless the driver or RO employee has been administered an alcohol test with a result indicating an alcohol concentration less than 0.04, and a verified negative drug test result from the medical review officer. If a pre-employment alcohol test result indicates an alcohol content of 0.02 or greater but less than 0.04, the driver shall not be allowed to perform safety-sensitive functions for a period not less than 24 (8 hours for RO employees) hours following administration of the test. Be advised pre-employment alcohol testing has been temporarily suspended pending a final determination, by the Department of Transportation. However, drug testing is still required and a negative result necessary before the driver can perform safety-sensitive functions . Additionally, it is strongly recommended that drivers and RO employees not be brought on board pending the results of the drug test. Following an applicant's entrance on duty, he/she will be provided information on the testing program and will be required to sign a certification that the information was provided. The certification should be maintained in the employee's OPF for as long as he/she is subject to testing within the Department.
DOT Handbook (Amendment #1) (dated 2/18/97)
Requirement to Check a Driver's Employers Within the Two Preceding Years)
The bureau shall obtain, with the driver's consent (specific, written authorization), information on the driver's alcohol tests with a concentration result of 0.04 or greater, positive controlled substances test results, and refusals to be tested, within the preceding two years, which are maintained by the driver's previous employers.
The above information must be obtained and reviewed by the bureau no later than 14 calendar days after the first time a driver employee performs safety-sensitive functions for the bureau. Also, it is strongly recommended the driver employee not be allowed to perform safety-sensitive functions until the bureau check of the preceding two years employers is completed and favorably reviewed. Note: the driver applicant shall not perform any safety-sensitive functions until the driver applicant has received an alcohol test with a result indicating an alcohol concentration less than 0.04 (DOT temporarily suspended applicant alcohol testing), and has received a controlled substances test result from the medical review officer indicating a verified negative test result. Also, it is strongly recommended that a driver applicant not be brought on board pending the results of the drug test.
The information obtained by the bureau from previous employers may take the form of personal interviews, telephone interviews, letters, or any other method of obtaining information that ensures confidentiality. The bureau shall maintain a written, confidential record with respect to each past employer contacted.
The bureau shall not use a driver employee to perform safety-sensitive functions if the bureau obtains information on the driver's alcohol test with a concentration of 0.04 or greater, verified positive controlled substances test result, or refusal to be tested by the driver employee; unless the substance abuse professional has certified the driver employee has successfully completed the recommended assistance/treatment and has received the negative result(s) for the required return-to-duty test(s).
End Amendment #1.
Post-accident Testing . As soon as practicable following an accident involving a CMV, the bureau shall test for alcohol and controlled substances each surviving driver or RO employee: (1) who was performing safety-sensitive functions with respect to the vehicle, if the accident involved the loss of human life; or (2) who receives a citation under State or local law for a moving traffic violation arising from the accident.
In the case of RO employees, the requirements of 49 CFR 219.201 will be followed.
1. Alcohol Testing. For alcohol the test should be administered as quickly as possible. If the test is not administered within two hours following the accident, the supervisor shall prepare and maintain on file a record stating the reasons the test was not promptly administered. The supervisor will continue attempts to administer the test for eight hours. If the test is not administered within eight hours following the accident, the supervisor shall cease attempts to administer an alcohol test and shall prepare and maintain the same record. Records shall be submitted to the Department, the Federal Highway Administration and/or the Federal Railroad Administration upon request.
2. Drug Testing. For controlled substances tests (drug test) the test should be administered as quickly as possible. The supervisor will continue attempts to administer the test for 32 hours. If the test is not administrated within 32 hours following the accident, the supervisor shall cease attempts to administer a drug test, and prepare and maintain on file a record stating the reasons the test was not promptly administered. Records shall be submitted to the Department, the Federal Highway Administration and/or the Federal Railroad Administration upon request.
A driver or RO employee who is subject to post accident testing shall remain readily available for such testing or may be deemed to have refused to submit to testing.
Nothing in this section shall be construed to require the delay of necessary medical attention for injured people, or that a driver or RO employee cannot leave the scene of an accident for the period necessary to obtain assistance or medical treatment.
The bureau shall provide drivers and RO employees with necessary post-accident information, procedures and instructions, so that drivers and RO employees will be able to comply with these requirements.
The results of a breath, urine or blood test, conducted by Federal, State or local officials having independent authority for the test, shall be considered to meet the requirements of this section, provided such tests conform to applicable requirements, and that the results are obtained by the bureau.
Random Testing . Random testing of drivers and RO employees will occur at the minimum rates of 25% annually for alcohol and 50% for controlled substances. These rates are adjustable by the FHWA or FRA Administrators.
The selection of drivers or RO employees for random alcohol and controlled substances testing shall be made by a scientifically valid method. The random testing methodology will be administered by the Specialized Employee Services, Interior Service Center. Each driver or RO employee shall have an equal chance of being tested each time selections are made. That means if you are selected once you can be selected again because your name is placed back into the random testing pool. Random testing will be conducted monthly.
A driver or RO employee selected for testing may undergo both alcohol and drug testing. In some cases because the testing rates are different, the driver or RO employee may only undergo drug testing.
In most cases the driver's or RO employee's supervisor will notify him or her of the selection for random testing. Upon notification the driver or RO Employee should proceed immediately to the test site. Bear in mind, a driver shall only be tested for alcohol while the driver or RO employee is performing safety-sensitive functions, just before or just after ceasing to perform such functions. The supervisor should make it clear the driver or RO employee is under no suspicion of taking alcohol or controlled substances and that his or her name was selected randomly.
Drivers or RO employees not available for testing because they are on leave, training away from the worksite, or travel will be exempted from testing. Leave should not be approved once a driver or RO employee is notified of selection for random testing.
The supervisor will be required to document in writing why the driver or RO employee was not available for testing and report same in writing to the Specialized Employee Services, Interior Service Center.
Reasonable Suspicion Testing . The bureau shall require a driver or RO employee to submit to an alcohol or drug test when the bureau has reasonable suspicion that the driver or RO employee has violated a prohibition in this program. The bureau's determination that reasonable suspicion exists must be based on observations concerning the appearance, behavior, speech or body odors of the driver or RO employee. Such observations must be specific and contemporaneous (what happened to cause you to make the determination), and articulable (express it clearly in writing). The observations may include indications of the chronic and withdrawal effects of controlled substances.
A written record shall be made of the observations leading to a controlled substance reasonable suspicion test, and signed by the supervisor or bureau official who made the observations, within 24 hours of the observed behavior or before the results of the controlled substances test are released, whichever is earlier.
The required observations for alcohol and/or controlled substances reasonable suspicion testing shall be made by a supervisor or bureau official who has received at least 60 minutes of training on alcohol misuse and received at least an additional 60 minutes of training on controlled substances use (Note for RO supervisors 3 hours of training is required). Additionally for RO employees, two supervisors, one of whom has had the required training, must agree before a test can be performed for drug use.
At a minimum the training shall cover the physical, behavioral, speech, and performance indicators of probable alcohol misuse and use of controlled substances. The person who makes the determination to conduct a reasonable suspicion test shall not conduct the alcohol test of the driver or RO employee.
1. Alcohol Testing. Alcohol testing is authorized by this section only if the observations are made during, just preceding, or just after the period of the work day that the driver or RO employee is required to be in compliance with these requirements. A driver or RO employee may be directed to only undergo reasonable suspicion testing while the driver or the RO employee is performing, just before or just after performing safety-sensitive functions.
If an alcohol test required under this section is not administered within two hours following the determination, the supervisor shall prepare and maintain on file a record stating the reasons the alcohol test was not promptly administered. The supervisor will continue attempts to administer the test for eight hours. If the test is not administered within eight hours following determination, the supervisor shall cease attempts to test and shall state in the record the reasons for not administering the test.
2. Drug Testing. For controlled substances testing (drug test), the test should be administered as quickly as possible. The supervisor will continue attempts to administer the test for 32 hours. If the test is not administered within 32 hours following determination, the supervisor shall cease attempts to test and shall state in the record the reasons for not administering the test.
3. Absence of a Reasonable Suspicion Test. In the absence of a reasonable suspicion alcohol test under this section, no driver or RO employee shall report for duty or remain on duty performing safety-sensitive functions while the driver or RO employee is under the influence of or impaired by alcohol, as shown by the behavioral, speech, and performance indicators of alcohol misuse, nor shall a bureau permit the driver or RO employee to perform safety-sensitive functions, until:
(1) an alcohol test is administered and the driver's or RO employee's alcohol concentration measures less than 0.02; or
(2) twenty four hours (eight hours for RO employees) have elapsed following the determination that there is reasonable suspicion to believe the driver has violated a prohibition in this handbook concerning the use of alcohol.
Return-to-Duty Testing . The bureau shall ensure before a driver or RO employee returns to duty requiring the performance of a safety sensitive function, the driver's or RO employee's alcohol test result is less than 0.02 and a verified negative test result for controlled substance use is received from the MRO.
Follow-up Testing . Once allowed to return to duty, a driver or RO employee shall be subject to unannounced follow-up testing for at least 12 but not more than 60 months. The frequency and duration of the follow-up testing will be recommended by the substance abuse professional as long as a minimum of six tests are performed during the first 12 months after the driver or RO employee has returned to duty. The bureau will be responsible for scheduling follow-up testing and ensuring the six tests are completed within the first 12 months.
Follow-up testing is separate from and in addition to the regular random testing program. Drivers and RO employees subject to follow-up testing will remain in the random testing pool and will be tested whenever their names come up for random testing.
General Requirements . The Department and each bureau shall maintain records of its alcohol misuse and controlled substances use prevention programs in accordance with this section as well as compliance with the Federal Records Act, the Privacy Act and other applicable statutes. The records shall be maintained in a secure location with controlled access. The records are necessary in the event either the FHWA, or FRA perform on-site inspections. Additionally, these records may be necesary for any audit or investigation by the Office of Inspector General (OIG). It is the responsibility of the bureaus and offices to ensure that all records retention requirements are met.
Period of Retention
Five Years-
(1) Records of driver or RO employee alcohol test results indicating an alcohol concentration of 0.02 or greater.
(2) Results of drivers or RO employees verified positive controlled substances tests.
(3) Documentation of refusals to take required alcohol and/or controlled substances tests.
(4) Calibration documentation ( Headquarters only or the contractor).
(5) Driver/RO employee evaluation and referrals.
(6) Bureau copy of each calendar year summary report (See Appendix 5).
Two Year-
(1) Records related to the alcohol and controlled substances collection process e.g. random selection list, applicant testing, etc., (except calibration of EBTs).
(2) Records associated with training.
One Year-
(1) Records of negative and cancelled substances test results.
(2) Records of alcohol tests with a concentration of less than 0.02.
Access to Facilities and Records .
(1) Except as required by law or expressly authorized or required in this section, no bureau shall release driver or RO employee information that is contained in records maintained under this program.
(2) A driver or RO employee is entitled, upon written request , to obtain copies of any records (maintained by the bureau) pertaining to the driver's or RO employee's use of alcohol or controlled substances, including any records pertaining to his or her alcohol or drug tests. The bureau shall promptly provide the records requested by the driver or RO employee. Access shall not be contingent upon payment for records other than those specifically requested.
(3) The bureau shall permit access to all facilities utilized in complying with the requirements of this program to the Secretary of Transportation, any DOT agency, OIG, or State or local officials with regulatory authority over its drivers or RO employees. All requests for access should be in writing. The bureau will advise the Department (Specialized Employee Services staff) of any request for access.
(4) The bureau shall make available copies of all results for alcohol and substances testing under this program as well as other record materials, when requested by the Secretary of Transportation, DOT agency, OIG, or any State or local officials with regulatory authority over the drivers or RO employees. All requests for access should be in writing.
(5) When requested by the National Transportation Safety Board or the OIG as part of an accident investigation, the bureau shall disclose information related to the bureau's administration of a post-accident alcohol and/or controlled substance test administered following the accident under investigation.
(6) A bureau may disclose information required to be maintained under this program pertaining to a driver or RO employee, the decision maker in a lawsuit, grievance, or other proceeding initiated by or on behalf of the individual, and arising from the results of an alcohol and/or controlled substance test administered under this program, or from the bureau's determination that the driver or RO employee engaged in prohibited conduct (including but not limited to, a workers' compensation, unemployment compensation, or other proceeding relating to a benefit sought by the driver or RO employee.)
(7) The bureau shall release information regarding a driver's or RO employee's records as directed by the specific, written consent of the driver or RO employee authorizing release of the information to an identified person. Release of such information by the person receiving the information is permitted only in accordance with the terms of the driver's or RO employee's consent.
Medical Review Officer (MRO) .
The duties and responsibilities of the Medical Review Officer are contained in 49 CFR Part 40. The MRO must be a licensed physician with knowledge of substance abuse disorders. The MRO shall not be an employee (except as authorized by Part 40) of the laboratory conducting the drug test. The role of the MRO is to review and interpret confirmed positive test results obtained through the Department's testing program. Prior to making a final decision to verify a positive test result, the MRO shall give the driver or RO employee an opportunity to discuss the test result with him or her. The MRO shall contact the driver or RO employee directly, on a confidential basis, to determine whether the driver or RO employee wishes to discuss the test result. If after making all reasonable efforts and documenting them, the MRO is unable to reach the driver or RO employee directly, the MRO shall contact a designated management official who shall direct the driver or RO employee to contact the MRO as soon as possible.
The MRO may verify a test as positive without having communicated directly with the driver or RO employee when: the driver or RO employee declines the opportunity to discuss the test; five days have passed since the management official directed the driver or RO employee to contact the MRO; or other circumstances provided for in DOT agency drug testing regulations.
49 CFR Part 40 contains specific information for the MRO on reporting requirements, records retention and disclosure of information in third party cases.
The results of alcohol and drug tests will in most cases be provided to the bureau from the Department's Specialized Employee Services staff, Interior Service Center. The results will be reported via the specimen management and request tracking system (SMART).
The results will be given to the bureau drug program coordinator for release to the field location. Note in cases of alcohol tests the results will be immediately available at the collection site. The local point of contact from the bureau will be the first person with the results of an alcohol test. The local contact will take no action except in the case of an alcohol concentration of 0.02 or higher. The specific actions are explained in the next paragraph. The collection site will notify the Specialized Employee Services staff of the results, who will in turn notify the bureau drug program coordinator.
An employee with an alcohol concentration of 0.02 or higher will not be allowed to drive or perform railroad operations. The driver's or RO employee's supervisor will be responsible for making travel arrangements to return the employee to the work site or residence as appropriate. No further action will be taken until the Specialized Employee Services staff can review the results of the alcohol test. Once the results are reviewed recommended actions will follow.
In cases of a verified positive drug test, the employee's supervisor or designated official will advise the driver or RO employee of the positive test as well as which controlled substance or substances were verified as positive. Note the driver or RO employee should have already been advised by the MRO of the positive test result. In those cases where the driver or RO employee was not advised, the supervisor or management official should advise the driver or RO employee to contact the MRO immediately. The supervisor or management official should also advise the MRO that the driver or RO employee has been informed of the positive test and directed to contact him or her.
The DOT regulations do not require specific disciplinary actions to be taken. However, the Department requires initiation of disciplinary action of a reprimand, suspension, demotion, or removal for a positive drug test just like the HHS program. In cases of alcohol concentration of 0.04 on a confirmation test, the Department recommends disciplinary action of a reprimend, suspension, or removal. The Department requires initiation of removal action on the second finding of illegal drug or alcohol concentration of 0.04 on a confirmation. Appropriate consultation with the servicing personnel and Solictor's offices is strongly recommended when determining disciplinary actions.
On-duty use or possession of illegal drugs . The bureau shall initiate action to remove a driver or RO employee from Federal Service, in the case of on-duty use or possession of illegal drugs.
Drug trafficking . The bureau shall initiate action to remove a driver or RO employee from the Federal Service, where it has been determined that the employee has engaged in illegal drug trafficking; e.g., sale, manufacture, growth, distribution, or transportation.
On-duty use of alcohol . The bureau shall initiate action to remove a driver or RO employee from the Federal Service, or may initiate appropriate disciplinary action against an employee (41 CFR 101-20.307), up to and including removal, in the case of any on-duty use of alcohol.
Off-duty use of illegal drugs . The bureau shall initiate disciplinary action against a driver or RO Employee with a verified positive drug test. The driver or RO employee shall not perform safety-sensitive functions until all requirements under Referral, Evaluation and Treatment are completed. The minimum disciplinary action is a letter of reprimand. However, this does not prohibit other disciplinary action up to and including removal. A second verified positive shall result in removal action from the Federal Service.
Alcohol Misuse . The bureau shall initiate disciplinary action against a driver or RO employee with an alcohol concentration of 0.04 or greater on a confirmation test. Note no disciplinary action will be taken until the bureau is notified by the Specialized Employee Services staff. The driver or RO employee shall not perform safety-sensitive functions until all requirements under Referral, Evaluation and Treatment are completed. The minimum disciplinary action is a letter of reprimand. However, this does not prohibit other disciplinary action up to and including removal. A second alcohol concentration of 0.04 on a confirmation test shall result in initiation of an action to remove from the Federal Service.
Refusal to comply with procedures during collection or testing . The bureau shall initiate disciplinary action against any driver or RO employee who fails to report to the designated testing site, refuses to provide a urine specimen (45 ml) or an adequate amount of breath for testing, attempts to alter, adulterate, or substitute the specimen provided, or engages in conduct that clearly obstructs the collection or testing process. The disciplinary action will be the same as a positive test. Note for RO employees a refusal requires they be removed from performing safety-sensitive functions for 9 months. In the case of a driver involved in a fatal accident, a refusal requires they be removed from performing safety-sensitive functions for 12 months. A second refusal to comply will result in removal action from the Federal Service based on conduct and insubordination.
Refusal to enter or successfully complete a substance abuse rehabilitation program . The bureau shall initiate action to remove a driver, or RO employee, who refuses to enter or fails to successfully complete counseling or a rehabilitation program under the EAP. A determination that the driver/RO employee has failed rehabilitation, may be made on the basis of off-duty drug or alcohol-related misconduct, or the employee not adhering to the terms of the rehabilitation.
Other alcohol-related conduct . The Department and its bureaus must depend on its workforce to be able and available when scheduled for duty. Testing "not fit-for-duty" is inconsistent with this requirement. Disciplinary action for other alcohol-related conduct (i.e., testing not-fit-for-duty) is set forth below and shall be taken under the described circumstances.
"Not-Fit-for-Duty" . A driver or RO employee subject to alcohol testing must be removed from safety-sensitive functions if the results of any bureau alcohol test produces an alcohol concentration equal to or greater than 0.02 but less than 0.04 on a confirmation test. Any driver or RO employee testing not-fit-for-duty status shall not perform his or her safety-functions for a period of not less than 24 hours (8 hours for RO employees) from the time of the confirmation test. First Occurrence, the driver or RO employee shall be placed in non-safety-sensitive work for the rest of the workday and be issued a letter of warning which includes an explanation of the consequences of any subsequent determination of not-fit-for-duty status. Second Occurrence, the driver or RO employee shall be dismissed from the worksite and shall be charged Absent Without Leave (AWOL) for the remainder of the workday, since the driver or RO employee, although physically present at the worksite, is not able and available for his or her assigned duties. Additionally, the bureau should initiate appropriate disciplinary action. Third Occurrence, shall result in removal action from the Federal Service.
Pre-employment . Applicants with either a verified positive alcohol test (0.04 or greater) or drug test, will not be offered the position and will be barred from reapplying for any position requiring a CDL or performing railroad operations for a period of six months. Applicants who are current employees with CDLs or RO employees will be removed from performing safety-sensitive functions until all requirements under referral, evaluation and treatment are completed. Also, the appropriate disciplinary action shall be initiated. Note alcohol testing for pre-employment purposes is temporarily suspended pending a final determination by the Department of Transportation. However, drug testing is still required.
Referral, Evaluation and Treatment .
A driver or RO employee who violates a prohibition in this handbook shall be advised by the bureau of the resources available to the driver or RO employee in evaluating and resolving problems associated with the misuse of alcohol and use of controlled substances, including the names, addresses and telephone numbers of the employee assistance program contacts. A driver or RO employee who violates a prohibition in this handbook shall be evaluated by a substance abuse professional who shall determine what assistance, if any, the employee needs in resolving problems associated with alcohol misuse and controlled substances use.
Before a driver or RO Employee returns to duty requiring the performance of a safety-sensitive function after violating a prohibition in this handbook, the driver or RO employee shall undergo a return-to-duty alcohol test with a result indicating an alcohol concentration of less than 0.02 if the conduct involved alcohol, or a controlled substance test with a verified negative result if the conduct involved a controlled substance.
In addition, each driver or RO employee identified as needing assistance in resolving problems associated with alcohol misuse or controlled substance use:
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(1) Shall be evaluated by a substance abuse professional to determine that the driver or RO employee has properly followed any rehabilitation program, and
(2) Shall be subject to unannounced follow-up alcohol and controlled substance tests administered by the Department following the driver's or RO employee's return to duty. The number and frequency shall be directed by the substance abuse professional, and consist of at least six tests in the first 12 months following the driver's return to duty. The substance abuse professional may direct the driver or RO employee to undergo return-to-duty and follow-up testing for both alcohol and substance abuse. Follow-up testing shall not exceed 60 months from the date the driver's or RO employee's return to duty. The substance abuse professional may terminate the requirement for follow-up testing at any time after the first six tests have been administered.
The bureau shall ensure that the substance abuse professional who determines that a driver or RO employee requires assistance does not refer the driver or RO employee to their own private practice or to a practice that they have a financial interest in. Note there are some exceptions to this requirement in the FHWA Final Rule.
The requirements of this section with respect to referral, evaluation and rehabilitation do not apply to applicants who refuse to submit to a pre-employment alcohol or controlled substances test or who have a pre-employment alcohol test with a result indicating an alcohol concentration of 0.04 or greater or a controlled substances test with a verified positive test result.
The cost for rehabilitation and treatment shall be borne by the employee.
Driver/RO employees . Bureaus shall certify that all drivers have the following information regarding the DOT program prior to the start of testing:
The identity of the person to answer driver/RO questions about the materials.
The categories of drivers/RO employees who are subject to the testing.
Sufficient information about the safety-sensitive functions performed by those drivers/RO employees to make clear what period of the work day the driver/RO employee is required to be in compliance.
Specific information concerning driver/RO employee conduct that is prohibited.
The circumstances under which a driver/RO employee will be tested for alcohol and/or controlled substances.
Procedures that will be used to test for the presence of alcohol and controlled substances, protect the driver/RO employee and the integrity of the testing processes, safeguard the validity of the test results, and ensure that those results are attributed to the correct driver/RO employee.
The requirement that the driver/RO employee submit to alcohol and controlled substances tests.
An explanation of what constitutes a refusal to submit to an alcohol or controlled substances test and the consequences.
The consequences for drivers or RO employees found to have violated the prohibited conduct, including removal from safety-sensitive functions, and procedures under Referral, Evaluation and Treatment.
The consequences for drivers/RO employees found to have an alcohol concentration of 0.02 or greater but less than 0.04.
Information concerning the effects of alcohol and controlled substances use on an individual's health, work, and personal life; signs and symptoms of an alcohol or a controlled substances problem; and available methods of intervening.
Certificate of Receipt . Each bureau shall ensure that each driver or RO employee is required to sign a statement certifying that he or she has received a copy of these materials. Each bureau shall maintain the original of the signed certificate (file in OPF) and may provide a copy of the certificate to the driver. Note these requirements apply to each driver subsequently hired or transferred into a position requiring driving a CMV. The requirements also apply to subsequently hired or transferred RO employees.
Training for Supervisors . Each bureau shall ensure that persons designated to determine whether reasonable suspicion exists to require a driver to undergo testing receive at least 60 minutes of training on alcohol misuse and receive at least an additional 60 minutes of training on controlled substances use. Note RO supervisors must have at least 3 hours of training. The training shall cover the physical, behavioral, speech, and performance indicators of probable alcohol misuse and use of controlled substances.
SF 52 Coding . Each bureau shall ensure each driver or RO employee (and type of RO employee) is coded in SF-52 under DOT program.
Position Descriptions . Each bureau shall ensure the position description for each driver or RO employee reflects the requirement to be a driver or RO employee under the DOT drug and alcohol testing program.
Vacancy Announcements . Each bureau shall ensure the vacancy announcement for each driver or RO employee reflects the requirement that driver and RO employees are subject to the requirements of the DOT drug and alcohol testing program.
To: Employees Occupying Positions Requiring a Commercial Drivers License (CDL)
From: (Bureau Head or Designee)
Subject: Employee Notice of New Testing Requirements
The Omnibus Transportation Employee Testing Act of 1991 (Public Law 102-143) requires alcohol and drug testing of safety-sensitive employees in the motor carrier industry. On February 15, 1994, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Federal Highway Administration issued final rules requiring alcohol and drug testing of drivers required to have a commercial driver's license (CDL).
It has been determined that your position meets the new criteria for inclusion in the testing program mandated by DOT. Therefore, you will be subject to random alcohol and drug testing at any time following receipt of this notice.
Attached to this notice are definitions of terms used in the DOT testing program along with information you are required to have. Additionally, your agency drug testing liaison (name and telephone number of the agency drug testing liaison ) is the point of contact for any questions you may have about this program.
Attachments
Your signature below acknowledges you have received and read this notice.
Printed Name Signature of Employee Date
NOTE: If an employee refuses to acknowledge this notice, the supervisor should certify that the notice was provided to the employee by signing below.
Signature of Supervisor Telephone Number Date
Attachment 1
DEFINITION OF TERMS
USED IN THE DOT TESTING PROGRAMAlcohol" - The intoxicating agency in beverage alcohol, ethyl alcohol, or other low molecular weight alcohols including methyl and isopropyl alcohol.
Alcohol use" - The consumption of any beverage, mixture, or preparation, including any medication containing alcohol.
Breath alcohol technician (BAT)" - An individual who instructs and assists individuals in the alcohol testing process and operates an evidential breath testing device.
Commercial motor vehicle" - A motor vehicle or combination of motor vehicles used in commerce to transport passengers or property if the motor vehicle: (1) Has a gross combination weight of 26,001 or more pounds inclusive of a towed unit with a gross vehicle weight rating of more than 10,000 pounds; (2) Has a gross vehicle weight rating of 26,001 or more pounds; (3) Is designed to transport 16 or more passengers, including the driver; or (4) Is of any size and is used in the transportation of hazardous materials requiring placards.
Driver - Any person who operates a commercial motor vehicle. For the purposes of pre-employment testing, the term driver includes a person applying to drive a commercial motor vehicle.
"Drugs" - Marijuana, opiates, PCP, amphetamines, and cocaine are the drugs for which tested.
"Employer" - Any person (including the United States, a State, the District of Columbia or a political subdivision of a State) who owns or leases a commercial motor vehicle or assigns persons to operate such a vehicle, including agents, officers, and representatives of the employer.
"Evidential breath testing device (EBT)" - A device approved by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) for the evidential testing of breath and placed on NHTSA's "Conforming Products List (CPL) of Evidential Breath Measurement Devices".
"Medical Review Officer (MRO)" - A licensed physician (medical doctor or doctor of osteopathy) responsible for receiving laboratory results generated by an employer's drug testing program who has knowledge of substance abuse disorders and has appropriate medical training to interpret and evaluate an individual's confirmed positive test result together with his or her medical history and any other relevant biomedical information.
"Performing (a safety-sensitive function)" - Any period in which the driver is actually performing, ready to perform or immediately able to perform any safety-sensitive functions.
"Refusal to submit (to an alcohol or controlled substance test)" - A driver: (1) fails to provide adequate breath for testing without a valid medical explanation after he or she has received notice of the requirement for breath testing; (2) fails to provide adequate urine for controlled substances testing without a valid medical explanation after he or she has received notice of the requirement for urine testing; or (3) engages in conduct that clearly obstructs the testing process.
"Safety-sensitive function" - All on-duty time that a driver performs any of the following functions:
a. Operating a CMV or waiting to be dispatched,
b. Remaining in readiness to operate a CMV,
c. Ensuring the following parts and accessories are in good working order:
(1) service brakes, including trailer brake connections
(2) parking (hand) brake and steering mechanism
(3) lighting devices and reflectors
(4) tires, horns, windshield wiper(s)
(5) rear-view mirror(s) and coupling devices,
d. Ensuring the following are in place and ready for use as appropriate:
(1) fire extinguisher; fuses and spare fuses
(2) warning devices for stopped vehicles
(3) emergency reflective triangles
(4) red emergency reflectors and red flags,
e. Inspecting, servicing, or conditioning a CMV,
f. Loading or unloading; supervising or assisting in the loading or unloading; attending a vehicle being loaded or unloaded; or giving or receiving receipts for shipments loaded or unloaded,
g. Repairing, obtaining assistance, or remaining in attendance with a CMV,
h. Being on or upon a CMV, except time spent in a sleeper berth,
i. Being involved in an accident resulting in injury or death of person(s) or any amount of property damage, including rendering reasonable assistance to injured persons; providing name, address, etc., to any person demanding the same; and reporting the accident, or
j. Hitting an unattended vehicle standing upon a highway, taking reasonable efforts to locate the custodian of the vehicle, and placing name, address, and bureau identification on the standing vehicle.
ANSWERS TO COMMONLY ASKED QUESTIONS
ABOUT ALCOHOL AND DRUG TESTING REQUIREMENTS
FOR COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE DRIVERS
1. Which drivers are subject to the alcohol misuse and controlled substance requirements?
Drivers required to have a commercial driver's license (CDL) are subject to the Federal controlled substance and alcohol testing rules. A CDL is required for drivers operating a commercial motor vehicle (see definition in Attachment 1). The rule includes both inter- and intrastate truck and motor coach operations.
2. What drivers are exempt from Federal controlled substance and alcohol testing rules?
The following exemptions apply:
a. drivers exempted by their issuing state from CDL requirements;
b. drivers of vehicles less than 26,000 pounds GVWR, required by their state to possess a commercial driver's license;
c. drivers who place of reporting for duty (home terminal) is located outside the territory of the United States; and
d. active-duty military personnel.
3. What constitutes prohibited alcohol and controlled substance-related conduct?
a. Reporting for duty or remaining on duty to perform safety-sensitive functions while having an alcohol concentration of 0.04 or greater.
b. Being on duty or operating a CMV while the driver possesses alcohol, unless the alcohol is manifested and transported as part of a shipment. This includes the possession of medicines containing alcohol (prescription or over-the-counter), unless the packaging seal is unbroken.
c. Using alcohol while performing safety-sensitive functions (see definition in Attachment 1).
d. When required to take a post-accident alcohol test, using alcohol within eight hours following the accident or prior to undergoing a post-accident alcohol test, whichever, comes first.
e. Refusing to submit to an alcohol or controlled substance test required by post-accident, random, reasonable suspicion, return-to-duty, or follow-up testing requirements.
f. Reporting for duty or remaining on duty, requiring the performance of safety-sensitive functions, when the driver uses any controlled substance, except when instructed by a physician who has advised the driver that the substance does not adversely affect the driver's ability to safely operate a CMV.
g. Reporting for duty, remaining on duty or performing a safety-sensitive function, if the driver tests positive for controlled substances.
4. Under what circumstances will a driver be tested for alcohol and/or controlled substances?
a. Pre-employment testing - prior to the first time a driver performs safety-sensitive functions for an employer, he/she shall undergo testing for controlled substances. Pre-employment alcohol testing is currently suspended.
b. Post-accident testing - as soon as practicable following an accident involving a CMV, the employer shall test each surviving driver for alcohol and controlled substances, if: (1) the accident involved the loss of human life; or (2) the CMV driver receives a citation under State or local law for a moving traffic violation arising from the accident.
c. Random testing - unannounced and spread reasonably throughout the year. There are two types of random tests administered. Random alcohol tests may only be administered while the driver is performing safety-sensitive functions, or just before the driver performs safety-sensitive functions, or just after the driver has ceased performing safety-sensitive functions. Random tests for controlled substances may be administered anytime the driver is on duty.
d. Reasonable suspicion testing - A driver shall be required to submit to an alcohol or controlled substances test when the employer has reasonable suspicion to believe that the driver has violated the prohibitions for alcohol and controlled substances.
e. Return-to-duty testing - A driver found to have engaged in prohibited conduct shall submit to return-to-duty testing.
f. Follow-up testing - Following a determination that a driver is in need of assistance, follow-up testing shall be performed on a returning driver as follows:
(1) as deemed necessary by a Substance Abuse Professional (SAP);
(2) tested a minimum of 6 times in the first 12 months;
(3) shall not exceed 60 months of follow-up testing; and
(4) may be terminated at any time by the SAP following the initial 6 tests.
5. What procedures will be used to test for the presence of alcohol and controlled substances?
a. Alcohol test procedures - A breath alcohol technician (BAT) will administer breath alcohol testing using an evidential breath testing device (EBT) that meets National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's standards as indicated by their Conforming Products List.
b. Controlled substances (drug) testing procedures - A collection contractor will collect 45 milliliters of urine from the driver. The specimen will be sent to a certified laboratory to test for the presence of marijuana, opiates, PCP, amphetamines, and cocaine. The driver will have an opportunity to provide information to a Medical Review Officer that a positive result occurred for legal reasons.
6. When must an employee be removed from performing safety-sensitive functions?
a. Drivers who engage in prohibited alcohol conduct must be immediately removed from safety-sensitive functions. Drivers who have engaged in alcohol misuse cannot return to safety-sensitive duties until they have been evaluated by a substance abuse professional and complied with any treatment recommendations to assist them with an alcohol problem. To further safeguard transportation safety, drivers who have an alcohol concentration of 0.02 or greater, but less than 0.04 when tested just before, during or just after performing safety-sensitive functions must also be removed from performing such duties for 24 hours. If a driver's behavior or appearance suggests alcohol misuse, a reasonable suspicion alcohol test must be conducted. If a breath test cannot be administered, the driver must be removed from performing safety-sensitive duties for at least 24 hours.
b. As with an alcohol misuse violation, a driver must be removed from safety-sensitive duty if he/she has a positive drug test result. A driver cannot be returned to safety-sensitive duties until the MRO has interviewed the driver and determined that the positive drug test resulted from the unauthorized use of a controlled substance; and the driver has been evaluated by a substance abuse professional or MRO, has complied with recommended rehabilitation, and has a negative result on a return-to-duty drug test. Follow-up testing to monitor the driver's continued abstinence from drug use is required for on-board employees.
7. What disciplinary action is mandated by the DOT regulations for positive test results?
The DOT regulations do not require a specific disciplinary action to be taken. However, the Department requires initiation of disciplinary action of a reprimand, suspension, demotion, or removal for a positive drug test just like the HHS program. In cases of alcohol concentration of 0.04 on a confirmation test, the Department recommends disciplinary action of a reprimand, suspicion, or removal. The Department requires initiation of removal action on the second finding of illegal drug use or an alcohol concentration of 0.04 on a confirmation test. Bureaus should consult with their servicing personnel and Solicitor's offices with respect to any disciplinary action.
NOTE : The American's with Disabilities Act (ADA) must be considered when proposing disciplinary actions.
8. What if initiation of removal conflicts with the ADA?
The provisions of the ADA are controlling.
9. Given the answer to number 7 above, are bureaus prevented from initiating removal action for the first positive test result?
No. As stated above, disciplinary action is governed by the specific facts of each case.
10. What are the effects of alcohol and controlled substances on work and behavior, signs and symptoms of an alcohol or controlled substances problem, and the role of an employee assistance program?
a. The following describes changes in the work and behavior patterns that are frequently associated with excessive drinking or drug abuse behavior:
(1) a pattern of absenteeism develops (i.e., after payday, before or after holidays, or weekends) or excuses are offered (i.e., colds, flu, bronchitis, sore throats, peculiar accidents, family problems);
(2) unexplained irritability or resentment;
(3) wage attachments or other involvement with the law;
(4) deteriorating personal appearance;
(5) odor of alcohol on breath (often covered by breath fresheners) or smell of burnt rope;
(6) "drinking lunch" and prolonged lunch hours;
(7) frequent disappearances at coffee breaks, frequent trips to the lavatory, with subsequent changes in physical/behavioral characteristics such as those described herein;
(8) poorer judgment;
(9) increasing complaints from fellow employees, supervisors;
(10) tardiness and early departure;
(11) drinking or drugging on the job;
(12) withdrawing from interaction with co-workers;
(13) avoiding/withdrawing from responsibility; or
(14) unusual patterns of behavior.
b. The following describes signs and withdrawal symptoms of alcohol and controlled substances use:
(1) Narcotics (heroin, dilaudid, methadone) - Signs of use include nodding, small pupils, skin scars, euphoria, nausea, and scratching. Withdrawal symptoms include watery eyes, runny nose, irritability, tremors, cramps and nausea.
(2) Depressants (alcohol, valium, barbiturates, xanax, quaaludes) - Signs of use include slurred speech, drowsiness, drunken behavior with no odor of alcohol, slowed reactions, mood swings, and impaired judgments. Withdrawal symptoms include anxiety, insomnia, tremors, convulsions and possible death.
(3) Stimulants (amphetamines, cocaine, crack) - Signs of use include runny nose, increased alertness and initiative, euphoria, loss of appetite, mood swings, borrowing money, decreased sexual performance/drive and depression-irritability. Withdrawal symptoms include agitation, depression (can be severe), disorientation and sleep disturbance.
(4) Hallucinogens (LSD, peyote, mescaline, PCP) - Signs of use include blank expression, staring, appearing drugged, hallucinations (sight, sound, taste, smell), poor perception (time and distance), restlessness, violent/hostile behavior, personality changes (unpredictable), psychosis, insensitivity to pain, and rapid and involuntary eye movement. Withdrawal symptoms include depression, irritability, alienation from surroundings and flash backs.
(5) Cannabis (marijuana, hash, hash oil) - Signs of use include reddening of eyes, euphoria, forgetfulness (short-term memory deficits), increased appetite, altered perception of time and distance, disoriented behavior, anxiety/paranoia and motivational syndrome. Withdrawal symptoms include sleep loss and disturbance, irritability, restlessness, hyperactivity, decreased appetite, sweating, sudden weight loss and increased salivation.
c. The Employee Assistance Program (EAP) provides short-term professional counseling services. The counseling is confidential and free of charge to all employees. No names or any identifying information can be provided to the agency unless the employee signs a written statement authorizing the counselor to do so. Any employee may call an EAP counselor directly for assistance, however, in some situations where an employee is performing at an unacceptable level, or, engaging in unacceptable conduct, a supervisory referral is appropriate. The counselor will assess the problem and refer the employee to the appropriate treatment. The counselor will assist the employee with return to duty requirements, as required.
Appendix 2
1. All on-duty time that a driver performs any of the following functions:
a. Operating a CMV or waiting to be dispatched,
b. Remaining in readiness to operate a CMV,
c. Ensuring the following parts and accessories are in good working order:
(1) service brakes, including trailer brake connections
(2) parking (hand) brake and steering mechanism
(3) lighting devices and reflectors
(4) tires, horns, windshield wiper(s)
(5) rear-view mirror(s) and coupling device,
d. Ensuring the following are in place and ready for use as appropriate:
(1) fire extinguisher; fuses and spare fuses
(2) warning devices for stopped vehicles
(3) emergency reflective triangles
(4) red emergency reflectors and red flags,
e. Inspecting, servicing, or conditioning a CMV,
f. Loading or unloading; supervising or assisting in the loading or unloading; attending a vehicle being loaded or unloaded; or giving or receiving receipts for shipments loaded or unloaded,
g. Repairing, obtaining assistance, or remaining in attendance with a CMV,
h. Being on or upon a CMV, except time spent in a sleeper berth,
i. Being involved in an accident resulting in injury or death of person(s) or any amount of property damage, including rendering reasonable assistance to injured persons; providing name, address, etc., to any person demanding the same; and reporting the accident, or
j. Hitting an unattended vehicle standing upon a highway, taking reasonable efforts to locate the custodian of the vehicle, and placing name, address, and bureau identification on the standing vehicle.
2. Railroad Operations. Any function involved in the train's operation including ensuring that parts and accessories are in good working order, all safety equipment is in place and working, and inspections, services and conditioning of the train, tracks and signals are completed.
Appendix 3
October 31, 1995
To: Bureau Personnel Officers
From: Kathleen M. Mealy
Departmental Drug Program Manager
Subject: Coding of Employees - DOT Alcohol and Drug Testing Program
As you were previously notified, employees who will be covered by the new DOT Program must be coded via the SF-52 system by December 31, 1995. This memorandum provides guidance on how to accomplish this project.
The Denver Administrative Service Center (DASC) will automatically convert all employees currently covered under the HHS Program to a new computerized program which will be used for random testing. Bureaus are responsible for coding in the employees who will be covered by the DOT Program. Information on who is covered by the DOT Program was previously forwarded to you and your Bureau Drug Program Coordinators.
Bureaus will either: (l) change an employee's code from the HHS Program to the DOT Program; or (2) add an employee who has never been covered by a testing program into the system. The DASC has provided the attached information on the coding project. Bureaus may begin coding on November 6, 1995.
While the DASC will provide a table of the codes to be used, we are also providing them here for information:
Code When to use
H Employees covered by the HHS Program
O Employees requiring commercial drivers'
licenses to perform their duties
P Railroad engine service
Q Railroad train service
R Railroad dispatcher/operator
S Railroad signal service
T Other railroad covered positions, not
covered above
The DASC advises us that the attached instructions will be a "message of the day" for the SF-52 system. Please advise all necessary bureau personnel of this requirement.
Attachment
Attachment
DENVER ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE CENTER
TABLE OF CODES FOR DOT PROGRAM
Users will enter the new drug test codes in the SF-52 system through the command DRUG.
Current employees who are subject to the Health and Human Services drug testing program will be copied from the PAY/PERS system into the SF-52 drug testing file with a code of "H" (HHS Drug Test Program) no later than November 6, 1995.
Beginning November 6, 1995, bureaus can code positions into the DOT Program. To enter new employees, use procedure #1. To change employee from an HHS drug code to a DOT drug code, use procedure #2.
1. To add a new employee:
a. Type "DRUG" on the command line. Press <ENTER>.
b. Enter "A" on any action type field. Press <ENTER>.
c. Enter all Social Security Number(s) and drug test
code(s). Press <ENTER>.
d. Pop-up will display options:
Delete - takes user back to Drug Test list screen
without adding SSN(s)/Drug test code(s)
Resume - takes user back to current screen to complete add process
Save - updates the Drug test file with added
SSN(s)/Drug test codes(s)
2. To change a current employee:
a. Type "DRUG" on the command line. Press <ENTER>.
b. Enter "C" next to employee(s) whose code(s) need to be changed. Press <ENTER>.
c. Change drug test code(s) as necessary.
d. Type "Y" over "N" in the update field to update the
code.
3. To delete an employee from a drug test list:
a. Type "DRUG" on the command line. Press <ENTER>.
b. Enter "D" next to employee(s) who need to be deleted. Press <ENTER>.
c. Verify delete on confirmation window.
The SF-52 drug test file must be updated anytime an employee is hired or changes his/her position and is subject to drug testing.
4. For maintenance, the system will compare the SF-52 drug test file and the PAY/PERS combined file. When duty station, department, or bureau are different, the SSN(s) will be highlights in error. To review/correct the errors:
a. Type "D" next to the SSN(s) that are highlighted. Press <ENTER>.
b. Compare the "current column and the "previous" column.
c. Type "Y" or "N" in the Update Drug test file field. "Y" will update the previous column with current data. "N" will keep the previous data.
If the employee is no longer employed with your agency, delete the record from the Drug Test List screen.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS FACTS SHEETS
Appendix 4
Alcohol (Ethanol) Fact Sheet
Alcohol is a drug that has been consumed throughout the world for centuries. It is considered a recreational beverage when consumed in moderation for enjoyment and relaxation during social gatherings. However, when consumed primarily for its physical and mood-altering effects, it is a substance of abuse. As a depressant, it slows down physical responses and progressively impairs mental functions.
Description
Generic/Chemical Names (Representative) : Beer (about 4.5% alcohol), wine (about 14 to 20% alcohol), distilled spirits or liquor (about 50% alcohol).
Alternative Sources : After-shave lotion, cough medicine.
Common Street Names : Booze, juice, brew, grain, shine, hooch.
Distinguishing Characteristics : Pure ethanol (sold in some States as "Grain Alcohol") is a colorless liquid with a distinctive odor and taste. It has a cooling effect when rubbed on the skin. Most commonly, however, alcohol is consumed as the component of another beverage, and grain alcohol, itself, is normally diluted with juices or other soft drinks by the consumer. Depending upon the concentration of alcohol in the beverage, the aroma of alcohol may serve as indicator of the presence of alcohol in a beverage. Since the sale and distribution of all products containing more than a trace amount of ethanol are regulated by Federal and State governments, the best guide to whether a specific beverage contains alcohol will be label information if the original container is available.
Paraphernalia : Liquor, wine, after-shave, or cough medicine bottles; drinking glasses; cans of alcohol-containing beverages; can and bottle openers. Paper bags are sometimes used to conceal the container while the drink is being consumed.
Method of Intake : Alcohol is normally exclusively consumed by mouth. It is infrequently consumed as pure (grain) alcohol. It is, however, frequently consumed in the form in which it is sold (e.g. cans of bear, "straight" liquor, glasses of wine. Similarly, alcohol is often consumed in combination with other beverages (mixers) either to make it more palatable or to disguise from others that alcohol is being consumed.
Duration of Single Dose Effect : alcohol is fully absorbed into the blood stream within 30 minutes to 2 hours depending upon the beverage consumed and associated food intake. The body can metabolize about one quarter of an ounce (0.25oz.-roughly half the amount in a can of beer) of alcohol per hour.
The effects of alcohol on behavior (including driving behavior) vary with the individual and with the concentration of alcohol in the individual's blood. The level of alcohol achieved in the blood depends in large part (although not exclusively) upon the amount of alcohol consumed and the time period over which it was consumed. One rule of thumb says that in a 150 pound person, each drink adds 0.02% to BAC and hour that passes removes 0.01% from it.
Generally speaking, alcohol is absorbed into the blood relatively quickly and metabolized more slowly. Therefore, the potential exists for alcohol concentrations to build steadily throughout a drinking session. The table below shows some general effects of varying levels of blood concentration:
BAC Behavioral Effects
0.02-0.09% Loss of muscular coordination; impaired senses; changes in mood and personality.
0.10-0.19% Marked mental impairment, further loss of coordination, prolonged reaction time.
0.20-0.29% Nausea, vomiting, double vision.
0.30-0.39% Hypothermia, blackouts, anesthesia.
0.40-0.70% Coma, respiratory failure, death.
Detection Time : The detection time for alcohol depends upon the maximum level of BAC achieved and varies by individual. Since under FHWA regulations alcohol concentrations as low as 0.02% (under USDOT testing procedures, breath alcohol concentration is used as a proxy for blood alcohol concentration), require employer action and current technology can reliably detect this level, a driver who had achieved a moderate level of intoxication (i.e., 0.10% BAC) would be detectable approximately 8 hours after achieving that level (note: this is detectability after achieving this level and not after commencing or stopping drinking).
Dependency Level : The chronic use of alcohol can produce dependence in some individuals manifested by craving, withdrawal, and tolerance. Despite the fact that many individuals consume alcoholic beverages (over 90% of Americans at some point during their lives), relatively few of them (only about 10% of drinkers) develop psychological and physical dependency on it.
Signs and Symptoms
Evidence of Presence of Alcohol : Bottles, cans, and other containers which alcohol-containing beverages may have been purchased and/or consumed in; bottle caps from alcohol containers; bottle or can openers; drivers drinking from paper bags; odor of alcohol on containers or on driver's breath.
Physical Symptoms : Reduction of reflexes, slurred speech, loss of coordination, unsteady gait.
Behavioral Symptoms : Increased talkativeness, reduced emotional control, distorted judgement, impaired driving ability, gross effects on thinking and memory.
Effects of Alcohol on the Individual
Physical Health Effects
The liver is the primary site of alcohol metabolism and can be severely affected by heavy alcohol use. The three primary dangers are fatty liver, alcohol hepatitis, and cirrhosis.
Heavy alcohol use can also severely affect the gastrointestinal tract, contributing to inflammation of the esophagus, exacerbating peptic ulcers, and causing acute and chronic pancreatitis. It interferes with the absorption of nutrients from food and contributes to malnutrition.
Heavy alcohol use affects the heart and vascular system contributing to heart attacks, hypertension, and strokes.
Either because of direct action or indirectly through the malnutrition, liver disease, and other effects it causes, alcohol depresses immune system functioning and increases the likelihood of infection.
There is considerable evidence that alcohol abuse is associated with the incidence of cancer, particularly cancers of the liver, esophagus, nasopharynx, and larynx.
Heavy alcohol consumption causes brain damage manifested through dementia, blackouts, seizures, hallucinations, and peripheral neuropathy.
Other Health Effects
In addition to having direct health effects through physiological changes in the drinker's body, alcohol contributes significantly to health problems indirectly. While most of the medical consequences of alcohol use listed above result in chronic use, these other effects can often result from a single episode of acute use:
P One-half of all traffic accident fatalities are alcohol-related.
P The risk of a traffic fatality per mile driven is at least 8 times higher for a drink driver than a sober one.
P Falls are the most common cause of nonfatal injuries in the U.S., and the second most common cause of fatal accidents. Estimates of the involvement of alcohol in these falls range from 20 to 80 percent. A BAC between 0.05% and 0.10% increases the likelihood of a fall by 3 times. Between 0.10 and 0.15% it increases by a factor of 10 and above 0.16% it increases by a factor of 60.
P Research indicates over 60 percent of those dying in nonvehicular fires (fourth leading cause of accidental death in the U.SA.) have BACs over 0.10 percent.
P Approximately 38 percent of those drowning (third leading cause of accidental death in the U.S.) have been exposed to alcohol at the time of their deaths.
P Between 20 and 36 percent of suicide victims have a history of alcohol abuse or were drinking shortly before their suicides.
P Alcohol also plays a significant role in crime and family violence including spousal and child abuse.
Effects on Driver Performance
The statistics reported above make it clear that alcohol can have a devastating effect on driver performance. By affecting vision, reflexes, coordination, emotions, aggressiveness, and judgement, alcohol deprives the professional driver of most of the tools he or she relies upon to perform safely.
Hangovers also present a risk to driver behavior as would other illnesses. The sick feeling associated with hangovers including headaches, nausea, and other symptoms can distract a driver's attention and lead to accidents even though alcohol may no longer be detectable in the body.
Overdose Effects
Unconsciousness, coma, death.
Withdrawal Syndrome
Repeated use of alcohol results in tolerance with increasing consumption necessary to attain its characteristic effects. Alcohol at a given blood level produces less impairment in heavy drinkers than it does in less heavy drinkers. Alcohol is toxic by itself and coupled with the malnutrition common in alcoholics, can lead to kidney disease, deterioration of mental faculties, and psychotic episodes (the DT's) if the alcohol is withdrawn. The DT's are characterized by hallucinations and extreme fear, and their presence are a clear indication of alcohol dependence. Withdrawal and the associated DT's can be fatal.
References
Blum Kenneth, "Handbook of Abusable Drugs," published, NY, Gardner Press 1984.
Department of Health and Human Services, "Alcohol and Health: 7th Special Report to the U.S. Congress," Washington, DC, 1990.
Amphetamine Fact Sheet
Amphetamines are central nervous system stimulants that speed up the mind and body. The physical sense of energy at lower does and the mental exhilaration at higher doses are the reasons for abuse. Although widely prescribed at one time for weight reduction and mood elevation, the legal use of amphetamines is now limited to a very narrow range of medical conditions. Most amphetamines that are abused are illegally manufactured in foreign countries and smuggled into the U.S. or clandestinely manufactured in crude laboratories.
Description
Generic/Chemical Names : Include Amphetamine and Methamphetamine. Trade Names include: Desoxyn; Dexapex; Fastin; Vasotilin; Dexedrine; Delcobese; Fetamine; Obetrol.
Common Street Names : Uppers; speed; bennies; crystal; black beauties; Christmas trees; white crosses; mollies; bam; crank; meth; ice; LA ice.
Distinguishing Characteristics : In their pure form amphetamines are yellowish crystals. They are manufactured in a variety of forms including pill, capsule, tablet, powder, and liquid. Amphetamines ("speed") is sold in counterfeit capsules or as white, flat, double scored "mini bennies". Methamphetamine is often sold as a creamy white, granular powder or in limps wrapped in aluminum foil or sealable plastic bags.
Paraphernalia : Needles, syringes, and rubber tubing for tourniquets, used for the injection method.
Method of Intake : The most common forms of amphetamines are pills, tablets, etc., which are ingested. The less frequent forms, liquid and powder, are injected or snorted.
Duration of Single Dose Effect : 2 to 4 hours.
Detection Time : 1 to 2 days after use.
Dependency Level : Psychological dependence on amphetamines is known to be high. Physical dependence is possible.
Signs and Symptoms of Use
Evidence of Presence of Amphetamines : Most frequently-pills, capsules, or tablets; envelopes, bags, vials for storing the drug. Less frequently-syringes, needles, tourniquets.
Physical Symptoms : Dilated pupils; sweating; increased blood pressure; palpitations; rapid heartbeat; dizziness; decreased appetite; dry mouth, headaches; blurred vision; insomnia; high fever (depending on the level of the dose).
Behavioral Symptoms : Confusion; panic; talkativeness, hallucinations, restlessness; anxiety; moodiness; false sense of confidence and power, "amphetamine psychosis" which might result extended use.
Effects of Amphetamine Use on the Individual
Physical Health Effects
Regular use produces strong psychological dependence and increasing tolerance to drug.
High doses may cause toxic psychosis resembling schizophrenia.
Intoxication may induce a heart attack or stroke due to spiking of blood pressure.
Chronic use may cause heart and brain damage due to severe constriction of capillary blood vessels.
The euphoric stimulation increases impulsive and risk-taking behaviors, including bizarre and violent acts.
Long-term heavy use can lead to malnutrition, skin disorders, ulcers, and various diseases that come from vitamin deficiencies.
Lack of sleep, weight loss, and depression also result from regular use.
Users who inject drugs intravenously can get serious and life-threatening infections (e.g., lung or heart disease, kidney damage) from non-sterile equipment or contaminated self-prepared solutions.
Effects on Mental Performance
Anxiety, restlessness
Moodiness
False sense of power
Large doses over long period can result in
Hallucinations
Delusions
Paranoia
Brain damage
Effects on Driver Performance
Amphetamines cause a false sense of alertness and potential hallucinations which can result in risky driver behavior and increased accidents. Drivers who fail to get sufficient rest may use the drug to increase alertness. However, although low doses will cause a short-term improvement in mental and physical functioning, greater use impairs functioning.
Overdose Effects
Agitation
Increase in body temperature
Hallucinations
Convulsions
Death
<Withdrawal Syndrome
Apathy
Long-term periods of sleep
Irritability
Depression
Disorientation
Workplace Issues
Since amphetamines alleviate the sensation of fatigue, they may be abused to increase alertness because of unusual overtime demands or failure to get rest.
Low-dose amphetamine use will cause a short-term improvement in mental and physical functioning. With greater use or increasing fatigue, the effect reverses and has an impairing effect. Hangover effect is characterized by physical fatigue and depression, which may make operation of equipment or vehicles dangerous.
Cocaine Fact Sheet
Cocaine is used as a local anesthetic. It is abused as a powerful physical and mental stimulant. The entire central nervous system is energized. Muscles are more tense, the heart beats faster and stronger, and the body burns more energy. The brain experiences an exhilaration caused by a large release of neurohormone associated with mood elevations.
Description
Generic/Chemical Names : Cocaine Hydrochloride or Cocaine Base.
Common Street Names : Coke; crack; snow; blow; flake; "C"; toot; rock; base; nose candy; snort; white horse.
Distinguishing Characteristics : Cocaine is an alkaloid (organic base) derived from the coca plant. In its more common form, cocaine hydrochloride or "snorting coke" is a white to creamy granular or lumpy powder chopped fine before use. Cocaine base, rock or crack is a crystalline rock about the size of a small pebble.
Paraphernalia : Cocaine hydrochloride - single-edged razor blade; a small mirror or piece of smooth metal; a half straw or metal tube; and a small screw cap vial or folded paper packet containing the cocaine (used for snorting); needles, tourniquets (used for injecting). Cocaine base - a "crack pipe" (small glass smoking device for vaporizing the crack crystals); a lighter, alcohol lamp, small butane torch for heating the substance.
Method of Intake : Cocaine hydrochloride is snorted into the nose, rubbed on the gums, or injected into the veins. Cocaine base is heated in a glass pipe and the vapor is inhaled.
Duration of a Single Dose Effect : 1 to 2 hours.
Detection Time : Up to 2 to 3 days after last use.
Dependency Level : Research indicates possible physical dependence. Although there is insufficient evidence for humans, animal studies indicate "reverse tolerance", in which certain behavioral effects become stronger with repeated use of cocaine. Psychological dependence on cocaine is known to be high.
Signs and Symptoms
Evidence of Presence of Cocaine : Small folded envelopes, plastic bags, or vials used to store cocaine; razor blades; cut-off drinking straws or rolled bills for snorting; small spoons; heating apparatus.
Physical Symptoms : Dilated pupils; runny or irritated nose; profuse sweating; dry mouth; tremors; needle tracks; loss of appetite; hyperexcitability; restlessness; high blood pressure; heart palpitations; insomnia; talkativeness; formication (sensation of bugs crawling on skin).
Behavioral Symptoms : Increased physical activity; depression; isolation and secretive behavior; unusual defensiveness; frequent absences; wide mood swings; difficulty in concentration; paranoia, hallucinations; confusion; false sense of power and control.
Effects of Cocaine Use on the Individual
Physical Health Effects
Research suggests that regular cocaine use may upset the chemical balance of the brain. As a result, it may speed up the aging process by causing irreparable damage to critical nerve cells. The onset of nervous system illnesses such as Parkinson's disease could also occur.
Cocaine use causes the heart to beat faster and harder and rapidly increases blood pressure. In addition, cocaine causes spasms of blood vessels in the brain and heart. Both effects lead to ruptured vessels causing strokes or heart attacks.
Strong psychological dependency can occur with one "hit" of crack. Usually, mental dependency occurs within days of using crack or within several months of snorting coke. Cocaine causes the strongest mental dependency of any known drug.
Treatment success rates are lower than those of other chemical dependencies.
Cocaine is extremely dangerous when taken with depressant drugs. Death due to overdose is rapid. The fatal effects of an overdose are not usually reversible by medical intervention. The number of cocaine overdose deaths in the U.S. has tripled in the last four years.
Effects On Mental Performance
Paranoia and hallucinations
Hyperexcitability and overreaction to stimulus
Difficulty in concentration
Wide mood swings
Withdrawal leads to depression and disorientation.
Effects on Driver Performance
Cocaine use results in an artificial sense of power and control which leads to a sense of invincibility. Lapses in attention and the ignoring of warning signals brought on by cocaine use greatly increase the potential for accidents. Paranoia, hallucinations, and extreme mood swings make for erratic and unpredictable reactions while driving.
The high cost of cocaine frequently leads to workplace theft and/or dealing. Forgetfulness, absenteeism, tardiness, and missed assignments can translate into lost business.
Overdose Effects
Agitation
Increase in body temperature
Hallucinations
Convulsions
Death
Withdrawal Syndrome
Apathy
Long period of sleep
Irritability
Depression
Disorientation
Cannabinoids (Marijuana) Fact Sheet
Marijuana is one of the most misunderstood and underestimated drug of abuse. People use marijuana for the mildly tranquilizing and mood-altering effects it produces.
DescriptionGeneric/Chemical Name : Dronabinal, Marinol, and Nabilone.
Common Street Names : Pot, dope, grass, hemp, weed, hooch, herb, hash, joint, Acapulco gold, reefer, sinsemilla, Thai sticks.
Distinguishing Characteristics : Like tobacco, marijuana consists of dried, chopped leaves they are green to light tan in color. The seeds are oval with one slightly pointed end. Marijuana has a distinctly pungent aroma resembling a combination of sweet alfalfa and incense. Less prevalent, hashish is a compressed sometimes tar-like substance ranging in color from pale yellow to black. It is usually sold in small chunks wrapped in aluminum foil.
Paraphernalia : Cigarette papers, roach clip holders, and small pipes made of bone, brass, or glass are commonly found. Smoking "bongs" can easily be made from soft drink cans and toilet paper rolls.
Method of Intake : Marijuana is usually inhaled in cigarette or pipe smoke. Occasionally, it is added to baking ingredients (e.g. brownies) and ingested. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active chemical detected in urinalysis, is released by exposure to heat.
Duration of Single Dose Effect : The most obvious effects are felt for 4 to 6 hours. Preliminary studies suggest that performance impairment lasts longer. The active chemical, THC, stores in body fat and is slowly metabolized over time.
Detection Time : Traces of marijuana will remain in the urine of an occasional user for up to 1 week; and in the case of a chronic user, for 3 to 4 weeks.
Dependency Level : Evidence indicates moderate psychological dependence.
Signs and Symptoms of Use
Evidence of Presence of Marijuana : Plastic bags (used to sell marijuana); smoking papers; roach clip holders; small pipes of bone, brass, or glass; smoking bongs; distinctive odor.
Physical Symptoms : Reddened eyes (often masked by eye drops); stained fingertips from holding "joints", particularly for non-smokers; chronic fatigue; irritating cough, chronic sore throat; accelerated heartbeat; slowed speech; impaired motor coordination; altered perception; increased appetite.
Behavioral Symptoms : Impaired memory; time-space distortions; feeling of euphoria; panic reactions; paranoia; I don't care attitude; false sense of power.
Health Effects
General
When marijuana is smoked, it is irritating to the lungs. Chronic smoking causes emphysema-like conditions.
One joint causes the heart to race and be overworked. People with undiagnosed heart conditions are at risk.
Marijuana is commonly contaminated with the fungus Aspergillus, which can cause serious respiratory tract and sinus infections.
Marijuana smoking lowers the body's immune system response, making users more susceptible to infection. The U.S. government is actively researching a possible connection between marijuana smoking and the activation of AIDS in positive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) carriers.
Pregnancy Problems and Birth Defects
The active chemical, THC, and 60 other related chemicals in marijuana concentrate in the ovaries and testes.
Chronic smoking of marijuana in males causes a decrease in sex hormone, testosterone, and increase in estrogen, the female sex hormone. The result is a decrease in sperm count, which can lead to temporary sterility. Occasionally, the onset of female sex characteristics including breast development occurs in heavy users.
Chronic smoking of marijuana in females causes a decrease in fertility and an increase in testosterone.
Pregnant women who are chronic marijuana smokers have a higher than normal incidence of stillborn births, early termination of pregnancy, and higher infant mortality rate during the first few days of life.
In test animals, THC causes birth defects, including malformations of the brain, spinal cord, forelimbs, and liver and water on the brain and spine.
Offsprings of test animals who were exposed to marijuana have fewer chromosomes than normal, causing gross birth defects or death of the fetus. Pediatricians and surgeons are concluding that the use of marijuana by either or both parents, especially during pregnancy, leads to specific birth defects of the infant's feet and hands.
One of the most common effects of prenatal cannabinoid exposure is underweight newborn babies.
Fetal exposure may decrease visual functioning and causes other ophthalmic problems.
Mental Function
Regular use can cause the following effects:
Delayed decision-making
Diminished concentration
Impaired short-term memory, interfering with learning
Impaired signal detection (ability to detect a brief flash of light), a risk for users who are operating machinery.
Impaired tracking (the ability to follow a moving object with the eyes) and visual distance measurements.
Erratic cognitive function.
Distortions in time estimation.
Long-term negative effects on mental function known as "acute brain syndrome" which is characterized by disorders in memory, cognitive function, sleep patterns, and physical condition.
Effects on Driver Performance
The mental impairments resulting from the use of marijuana produce reactions that can lead to unsafe and erratic driving behavior. Distortions in visual perceptions, impaired signal detection, and altered reality can make driving a vehicle very dangerous.
Overdose Effects
Aggressive urges
Anxiety
Confusion
Fearfulness
Hallucinations
Heavy sedation
Immobility
Panic
Paranoic reaction
Unpleasant distortions in body image
Withdrawal Syndrome
Sleep disturbance
Hyperactivity
Decreased appetite
Irritability
Gastrointestinal distress
Salivation, sweating, and tremors
Workplace Issues
The active chemical, THC, stores in body fat and slowly releases over time. Marijuana smoking has long-term effect on performance.
A 500 to 800 percent increase in THC concentration in the past several years makes smoking three to five joints a week today equivalent to 15 to 40 joints a week in 1978.
Combining alcohol or other depressant drugs and marijuana can produce a multiplied effect, increasing the impairing effect of both the depressant and marijuana.
Opiates (Narcotics) Fact Sheet
Opiates (also called narcotics) are drugs that alleviate pain, depress body functions and reactions,and when taken in large doses, causes a strong euphoric feeling.
Description
Generic/Chemical Names : Natural and Natural Derivatives include: opium; morphine; codeine; and heroin (semi-synthetic).
Synthetics include: meperidine (Demerol); oxymorphine (Numorphan); and oxycodone (Percodan).
Common Street Names : Big M; micro; dots; horse; "H"; junk; smack; scag; Miss Emma; dope; China white.
Distinguishing Characteristics : Because of the variety of compounds and forms, opiates are more difficult to clearly describe in terms of form, color, odor, and other physical characteristics. Opium and its derivatives can range from dark brown chunks to white crystals or powders. Depending on the method of intake, they may be in powder, pill or liquid form.
Paraphernalia : Needles; syringe caps; eyedroppers; bent spoons; bottle caps; and rubber tubing (used in the preparation for injection of the drug).
Method of Intake : Opiates may be taken in pill form, smoked, or injected, depending upon the type of narcotic used.
Duration of Single Dose Effect : 3 to 6 hours.
Detection Time : Usually up to 2 days.
Dependency Level : Both physical and psychological dependence on opiates are known to be high. Dependence on codeine is moderate.
Signs and Symptoms of Use
Evidence of Presence of Drug : In addition to paraphernalia enumerated above, the following items may be present: foil, glassine envelopes, or paper "bundles" (packets for holding drugs); balloons or prophylactics used to hold heroin; bloody tissues used to wipe the injection site; and a pile of burned matches used to heat the drug prior to injection.
Physical Symptoms : Constricted pupils; sweating; nausea and vomiting; diarrhea; needle marks or "tracks", wearing long sleeves to cover tracks; loss of appetite; slurred speech; slowed reflexes; depressed breathing and heartbeat; and drowsiness and fatigue.
Behavioral Symptoms : Mood swings; impaired coordination; depression and apathy; stupor; and euphoria.
Health Effects
IV needle users have a high risk of contracting hepatitis and AIDS due to the sharing of needles.
Narcotics increase pain tolerance. As a result, people could more severely injure themselves or fail to seek medical attention after an accident due to the lack of pain sensitivity.
Narcotics' effects are multiplied when used in combination with other depressant drugs and alcohol, causing increased risk of an overdose.
Effects on Mental Performance
Depression and apathy
Wide mood swings
Slowed movement and reflexes
In addition the high physical and psychological dependence level of opiates compounds the impaired functioning.
Effects on Driver Performance
The apathy caused by opiates can translate into an "I don't really care" attitude towards performance. The physical effects as well as the depression, fatigue, and slowed reflexes impede the reaction time of the driver, raising the potential for accidents. Although opiates have a legitimate medical use in alleviating pain, workplace use may cause impairment of physical and mental functions.
Social Issues
There are over 500,000 heroin addicts in the US, most of whom are IV drug users.
An even greater number of medicinal narcotic-dependence persons obtain their narcotics through prescriptions.
Because of tolerance, there is an ever-increasing need for more narcotic to produce the same effect.
Strong mental and physical dependency occurs.
The combination of tolerance and dependency creates an increasing financial burden for the user. Costs of heroin can reach hundreds of dollars a day.
Workplace Issues
Unwanted side effects such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, mental clouding, and drowsiness place the legitimate user and abuser at higher risk for an accident.
Narcotics have a legitimate medical use in alleviating pain. Workplace use may cause impairment of physical and mental functions.
Phencyclidine (PCP) Fact Sheet
Phencyclidine (PCP) was originally developed as an anesthetic, but the adverse side effects prevented its use except as a large animal tranquilizer. PCP acts as both a depressant and a hallucinogen,and sometimes as a stimulant. It is abused primarily for its variety of mood-altering effects. Low does produce sedation and euphoric mood changes. The mood can change rapidly from sedation to excitation and agitation. Larger doses may produce a coma-like condition with muscle rigidity and a blank stare with the eyelids half closed. Sudden noises or physical shocks may cause "freak out" in which the person has abnormal strength, extremely violent behavior, and an inability to speak or comprehend communication.
Description
Generic/Chemical Names : Phencyclidine
Common Street Names : Angel dust; peace pills; hog; killer weed;mint; monkey; dust; supergrass; Tran Q; weed.
Distinguishing Characteristics : PCP is commonly sold as a creamy, granular powder. It is either brown or white and often packaged in one-inch square aluminum foil or folded paper packets. Occasionally, it is sold in capsule, tablet, or liquid form. It is sometimes combined with procaine, a local anesthetic, and sold as imitation cocaine.
Paraphernalia : Foil or paper packets; stamps; (off which PCP is licked); needles, syringes, and tourniquets (for injection); leafy herbs (for smoking).
Method of Intake : In pill, capsule, or tablet for, PCP may be ingested. It is commonly injected as "angel dust". It may be smoked or snorted when applied to leafy materials or combined with marijuana or tobacco.
Duration of Single Dose Effect: Days
Detection Time : Up to 8 days.
Dependency Level: Psychological dependence on PCP is known to be high. Physical dependence is unknown.
Signs and Symptoms of Use
Evidence of Presence of PCP : Packets; stamps; injection paraphernalia; herbs.
Physical Symptoms: Dilated or floating pupils; blurred vision; nystagmus (jerky eye movement); drooling; muscle rigidity; profuse sweating; decreased sensitivity to pain; dizziness; drowsiness; impaired physical coordination (e.g. drunken-like walk, staggering); severe disorientation; rapid heartbeat.
Behavioral Symptoms : Anxiety; panic/fear/terror; aggressive/violent behavior; distorted perception; severe confusion and agitation; disorganization; mood swings; poor perception of time and distance; poor judgement; auditory hallucinations.
Health Effects
The potential for accidents and overdose emergencies is high due to the extreme mental effects combined with the anesthetic effect on the body.
PCP is potentiated by other depressant drugs, including alcohol, increasing the likelihood of an overdose reaction.
Misdiagnosing the hallucinations as LSD induced, and then treating with Thorazine, can cause a fatal reaction.
Use can cause irreversible memory loss, personality changes, and other disorders.
There are four phases to PCP abuse. The first phase is acute toxicity. It can last up to three days and can include combativeness, catatonia, convulsions, and coma. Distortions of size, shape, and distance perception are common. The second phase, which does not always follow the first, is toxic psychosis. Users may experience visual and auditory delusions, paranoia, and agitation. The third phase, is a drug-induced schizophrenia that may last a month or longer. The fourth phase is PCP-induced depression. Suicidal tendencies and mental dysfunction can last for months.
Effects on Mental Performance
Irreversible memory loss.
Personality changes.
Thought disorders.
Hallucination
Effects on Driver Performance
The distortions in perception, and potential visual and auditory make driver performance unpredictable and dangerous. PCP use can cause drowsiness, convulsions, paranoia, agitation, or coma, all obviously dangerous to driving.
Overdose Effects
Longer, more intense "trip" episodes
Psychosis
Coma
Possible death
Workplace Issues
PCP abuse is less common today than in recent years. It is also not generally used in a workplace setting because of the severe disorientation that occurs.
References
Federal Highway Administration, Office of Motor Carriers, "Guidelines for Implementing the FHWA Anti-Drug Program," Publication No. FHWA-MC-91-014, March 1992.
Appendix 5
Instructions for Submission of Annual Report
Each Bureau shall prepare and maintain an annual calendar year summary of the results of its alcohol and controlled substances testing under the DOT Program. By March 15 of each year, the bureau shall complete the annual summary covering the previous calendar. A copy of the report will be submitted to the Employee and Public Services Staff, National Business Center, Mail Stop 1366, 1849 C Street N.W., Washington DC, 20240. The Special Employee Services staff will maintain the reports and as necessary make them available to the Department of Transportation.
The report shall be submitted using the attached forms. The forms should be duplicated locally. Note a special report is required for railroad operations. The special report is contained after the report for CDL drivers.